The Leboyer Method
- Gentle Birthing the Leboyer Way
By Teri Brown
Choosing a birthing
experience is an intensely personal choice. Some moms-to-be long for
a water birth, while others want to stay at home or go to a birthing
center. Still others are most comfortable in a traditional hospital
setting.
Many mothers, such
as Carrie Lauth, mother of four from Atlanta, Ga., opt to go for a more
natural, gentle birthing experience. "In a nutshell, I trusted that
my body knew what to do," Lauth says. "Women have been birthing
for thousands of years and for the most part, things go smoothly. In
fact, the more we intrude, the higher the risks."
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The Leboyer
birthing philosophy has been around for decades and is often credited,
in part, for the natural birth movement.
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Before making a
choice, Lauth did her own research and found that the countries that
promote midwife care and where the majority of women receive midwife
care before and during birth have better outcomes for Mom and Baby.
"I also knew that a natural birth led to an easier time breastfeeding," Lauth
says. "I wanted what was best for my babies, even if it meant me enduring
pain, which actually serves a very positive purpose of encouraging a
cascade of 'love' hormones – endorphin and oxytocin – that
helps us bond and produce milk."
The Leboyer Birthing Method
The Leboyer birthing
philosophy has been around for decades and is often credited, in part,
for the natural birth movement. When French obstetrician Frederick Leboyer's
book, Birth Without Violence (Revised edition, Healing Arts Press,
2002), came out in 1975, many mothers were entranced by the gentle,
nonviolent birthing method.
Linda Goldberg,
a registered nurse, registered childbirth educator and the author of
Pea in a Pod: Your Complete Guide to Pregnancy, Childbirth and Beyond
(Square One Publishers, Inc., 2008), says that Leboyer believed that
the traditional hospital births of the time were traumatic for the infant.
"In his view, the
infant moves from a peaceful womb through the 'assault' of labor into
a world of bright lights and loud voices," writes Goldberg. "She is
held upside down, her cord is cut and she is immediately removed from
her mother. Dr. Leboyer stated that a newborn's senses are very acute
and that she perceives the intense sensations of birth, often very vividly."
To this end, the
Leboyer method includes a dimly lighted room, which is thought to be
less shocking for the eyes of an infant who has been in semi-darkness
for many months. The room is set to a temperature that will be comfortable
to the baby and no loud noises are permitted. That means all talking
is done in whispers.
Pulling on the
baby's head is discouraged, so the baby can make its way down the birth
canal naturally. Medical intervention is to be avoided if at all possible.
Another aspect
of the Leboyer method is a delayed cutting of the umbilical cord. According
to the Leyboyer proponents, this allows the baby to continue receiving
oxygen-carrying red blood cells. This means the baby does not have to
be rushed into breathing – making the transition to breathing
on her own much easier.
Infant massage,
a warm bath and immediate bonding with the mother are all hallmarks
of the Leboyer method.
The Long-Lasting Impact
It's easy to see
how the Leboyer method has impacted birth in the United States. Forceps
are rarely used, most hospitals have gotten rid of the brightly lit
delivery room in favor of more private, comfortable birthing rooms and
babies are handed off to Mom almost immediately. Because fewer drugs
are given to the mother, babies are typically more alert and need less
invasive measures to help them breathe.
Because many of
Leboyer's methods are so widely used, most midwives and health care
providers are knowledgeable about gentle birthing, though they may not
know all the particulars of the Leboyer method. Women, who now have
much more input on their ideal birthing experience, can easily incorporate
the Leboyer method into their birth plan. And having a more gentle birth
can only be good for both Mom and Baby.
Sheila
Kitzinger
Sheila Kitzinger
is an anthropologist, childbirth educator, writer, mother and grandmother
living in England. She published her first book on pregnancy and birth
in the 1960's when there was little birth information available. She
embraced a psychosexual approach to birth, drawing on the works of Grantley
Dick-Read
and Lamaze
as well as her interest in birth within different cultures.
Kitzinger
believed if women were allowed to respond naturally to their labor,
rather than follow a set of breathing patterns, their breathing would
correspond to that of sexual excitement and orgasm. It was the suppression
of these natural responses to labor (because of hospital birth practices,
embarrassment, loss of control and cultural attitudes) that inhibited
women from grunting and groaning during labor, leading them to feel
more pain.
Kitzinger advocates
understanding how women can adapt to the work being done by their uterus.
This entails using breathing, relaxation techniques, changes of position,
massage and focused concentration to get in tune with the contractions,
as well as taking an active role in giving birth, rather than submitting
passively to being 'delivered'. She argues for the rights of women to
define and explore what they want out of their birth experience as a
part of being prepared.
Michel
Odent
Dr Michel Odent
originally worked as a general surgeon in a busy hospital in Pithiviers,
France. In the course of his duties he was often required to carry out
Caesarean births because there was no resident obstetrician. In performing
these operations he began to wonder what was happening with the normal
birth process to require so much intervention, so frequently. He began
to spend time observing women in labor, trying to respond to their needs.
He concluded that certain conditions were necessary to allow labor to
proceed normally.
Odent felt birth was a very private experience
and that the best environment to give birth in was one that couples
would choose to make love in. He created a birthing room called
the salle sauvage (or natural room).
A bedroom furnished
with a large low platform with lots of cushions, where the woman in
labor could feel free to walk around be herself and adopt whatever position
she felt was right. This environment made Pithiviers famous as a hospital
where women gave birth with fewer complications and little pain relief.
It was also one of the first obstetric units that supported water
birth.
Odent believed that birth was instinctual and we should not disturb
the natural physiological process (in a similar way that animals need
privacy and to 'feel safe' when giving birth). He wanted to give birth
back to women and support each woman in doing it her own way. Odent
focused on the woman's needs in labor. He did not believe in formal
preparation classes because he felt that women knew instinctively how
to give birth without having to be told.
Janet
Balaskas
Janet
Balaskas is an English childbirth educator. She first coined the phrase
'Active Birth' and founded the Active Birth Movement in 1982. She believes
in being upright and using gravity-assisted positions to help the labour
progress and for it to be less painful. In recent years, Balaskas has
advocated the use of water, to support and soften the body, regardless
of whether the woman chooses to birth in the water or not. At the same
time as water was starting to be used more often for labor and birth,
she promoted the idea of using water to help relieve pain and to create
greater privacy.
Balaskas
writes about the baby being an aquatic creature throughout pregnancy
and birth as a dramatic change with the newborn entering the world.
She felt that water
birth could
make this transition gentler for the baby. Her overall philosophies
include remaining active during labor and utilising the support of water
for pain relief and the benefits to the baby if born into water.